2000年外交学院英语系基础英语
This examination paper consists of 3 sections:
Section A tests your mastery of English vocabulary, usage and grammar; Section B tests your ability to understand English in context; and Section C tests your reading comprehension
SECTION A: VOCABULARY, USAGE, & GRAMMAR
Subsection 1
Directions: Choose one of the 4 answers given in each group which best matches the underlined par.
1. Moreover, numerous examples will be found to illustrate the perils of nepotism in business.
[A] preferential treatment [B] despotism in business practice
[C] prejudice in business practice [D] excessive favor given to relatives
2. But ground zero for American nepotism will be the November election, when voters will get to decide how they feel about the proliferation of family ties in our governing class.
[A] exact point where a bomb strikes the ground
[B] starting point [C] social foundation
[D] origination of a tradition
3. And whether he wins or loses, we will likely hear increasing speculation about a possible dynastic face-off in 2008 between First Brother Jeb Bush and Sen . Hillary Clinton.
[A] losing face [B] confrontation between opponents
[C] damaging one’s reputation [D] hitting someone right in the face
4. The arms race became a way to measure who was winning. And since the central battlefield was quiet , both sides helped allies in their local struggles-in other words , proxy wars.
[A] mock wars [B] virtual wars
[C] unreal wars [D] wars fought for others
5. For hardheaded reasons of self-interest , most countries would join together in a global antiterrorism coalition—if the United States would try to forge one .
[A] foolish reasons [B] practical purposes
[C] clear-headed reasons [D] shrewd reasons
6. After a series of scandals going back to the J. Edgar Hoover era , many FBI brick agents thought they could not trust their own superiors. “None of the people on Mahogany Row backed up agents down the food chain when we were investigated for doing black-bag jobs against radical leftists,” recalled a veteran Gman.
[A] wooden bench [B] the bureau’s executive suites
[C] round table [D] leadership
7. But the outgoing prime minister is already regarded by most Palestinians as an American puppet , and any attempt to shore him up would probably backfire.
[A] make him stay [B] support him
[C] oust him [D] discredit him
8. Few American Sitchcoms have infiltrated global culture as forcefully—and as funnily—as “friends.” NBC’s long-running series , about six twenty something (by now, thirty something) singles navigating relationships in a whitewashed New York City, is broadcast in nearly 60 countries and seen weekly by more than 40 million people .
[A] Sitting-room comedies [B] Situation comedies
[C] soap operas [D] popular comedies
9. Still, a lot has changed since 1998, Then, Russia was out of control , prey to speculators and the whims of the rapacious tycoons who took over banks and newly privatized industries.
[A] wisdom of joyous giants
[B] impulsive decisions of insatiable magnates
[C] speculations of ambitious CEOs
[D] whimsical business leaders
10. Among the more troubling elements of this tale, obviously, is how it highlights an enduring fact of Russian business life. At bottom, the scene remains ad hoc, changeable, prey to happenstance or even whimsy.
[A] victim of disasters [B] easy to make happen
[C] happen unexpectedly [D] subject to chance occurrence
Subsection 2
Directions: Complete each of the following blanks by choosing one of the 4 given sets of prepositions/adverbs .
1. Saddam Hussein was apparently convinced that US forces would never invade Iraq and oust him _____ power, say US officials familiar _____ the accounts _____ capture members of the former dictator’s regime
[A] off, with, for [B] from, with, of
[C] from, to, of [D] from, with, to
2. US officials say that this account of Saddam’s misunderstanding _____ American intentions could well explain the haphazard way _____ which the regime defended itself and fell _____ early in the American onslaught.
[A] by, against, off [B] of, against, off
[C] of, in, apart [D] with, against, apart
3. US and British Intel officials still say stockpiles of chemical _____biological agents will turn ______. But US defense analysts are paying more attention to a “working hypothesis,” based_____ stories told by Iraqi captives, that no live WMD may ever be found..
[A] or, up, on [B] with, up, upon
[C] of, out, on [D] of, on, on
4. Rumsfeld insisted that risk aversion was less_____ a problem in the military_____ elsewhere in the government. But he acknowledged,_______ his own sometimes frustrating experience, that changing a bureaucratic culture takes time.
[A] of, for, from [B] of, than, from
[C] for, than, by [D] of, than, by
5. Former Iraqi President Saddam Hussein—now______ the hands of U.S. forces at an undisclosed location_______ his capture —says he did not have weapons_______ mass destruction before the war, two senior Bush administration officials tell CNN.
[A] on, after, of [B] into, after, for
[C] in, after, of [D] in, upon, of
6. In a statement late Sunday, Chinese Foreign Ministry spokesman Liu Jianchao said the Chinese government hoped this dramatic development would be“conducive_______ the Iraqi people taking their destiny______ their own hands, and_______ realizing peace and stability in Iraq.”
[A] for, in, for [B] to, in, to
[C] with, into, with [D] to, into, to
7. The president was first informed______ the operation at about 3:15 p.m. Saturday______ Camp David by Defense Secretary Donald Rumsfeld. Rumsfeld started the phone conversation______ Bush_______ cautioning the president that first reports are not always accurate.
[A] of, in, with, when [B] of, at, with, for
[C] about, on, with, by [D] about, at, with, by
8 Saddam said U.S. troops would face a bloodbath in Iraq, but his regime fell in_______ than a month. Advancing U.S. and British troops defaced______ destroyed many of Saddam’s monuments, followed later by ordinary Iraqis. Coalition forces now use many of palaces he had built to glorify his rule_____ bases.
[A] more, and, as [B] less, or, for
[C] less, and, as [D] less, or, as
9. Every dynasty must take______ new blood from time to time, and Arnold is the David of the clan：a talented upstart who married_______ America’s royal family, he has suddenly put them back_______ the national spotlight after a series of recent defeats and unhappy reversals.
[A] in, into, in [B] on, to, into
[C] upon, into, on [D] in, to, in
10. Americans think of sports as rigorously meritocratic. After all, if you can’t hit a home run _____ sink a basket you won’t last long _____ this arena. Yet family ties abound _____ major sports, as we will be reminded when baseball starts in April and athletes like Barry Bonds, Roberto Alomar and Moises Alou take the field.
[A] or, in, for [B] or, in, in
[C] and, in, in [D] or, into, in
Subsection 3
Directions: Decide which of the following 2 sentences in each group is correct, or whether they are both correct, or neither is correct.
1. (1) The man was bare to the waist, sweating all over.
(2) The giggling girls walked in bare feet across the soft meadow.
[A] (1) [B] (2) [C] Both [D] Neither
2. (1) Some teachers suggested to call another mass-meeting.
(2) The brick-layer at the top of the scaffold is calling more mortar.
[A] (1) [B] (2) [C] Both [D] Neither
3. (1) You must hold your ground, don’t bargain away principles.
(2) The young man bargains on making a fortune early in life.
[A] (1) [B] (2) [C] Both [D] Neither
4. (1) The sun’s rays could not wedge their way through the barrage of foliage.
(2) We picnicked at the base of the mountain.
[A] (1) [B] (2) [C] Both [D] Neither
5. (1) The film was so wonderful that she was completely carried off.
(2) He, a Hindu, has lost cast to becoming Christian.
[A] (1) [B] (2) [C] Both [D] Neither
6. (1) I’m sorry, but you’ve dialed for the wrong number.
(2) His screen career, for all practical purposes, had guttered out.
[A] (1) [B] (2) [C] Both [D] Neither
7. (1) I think it will rain this afternoon, but my brother thinks otherwise.
(2) The door cannot be opened otherwise than with a key.
[A] (1) [B] (2) [C] Both [D] Neither
8. (1) The woman, so terrified, let off a shriek.
(2) They will be expected to make their own beds.
[A] (1) [B] (2) [C] Both [D] Neither
9. (1) The new method will be phased into the system.
(2) The trams will be phased off.
[A] (1) [B] (2) [C] Both [D] Neither
10. (1) At first blush, he thought they would be a perfect couple.
(2) He blustered his way passed the man guarding the entrance.
[A] (1) [B] (2) [C] Both [D] Neither
Subsection 4
Directions: Choose an article (or zero article) that best fits into each blank in the following passage and blacken the letter of the choice you have made in the Answer Sheet.
Beijing respects ___1___ "desire of ___2___ Taiwan people to develop and pursue ___3___democracy," but opposes efforts by ___4___Taiwan’s leaders to "cut off Taiwan from ___5___sacred territory of the Chinese motherland," ___6___Premier Wen Jiabao told CNN.
Wrapping up ___7___ three-day trip to ___8___ United States, ___9___ Chinese premier said Beijing opposes ___10___ Taiwan referendum that may lead ___11___ island to ___12___ independence.
Playing down any prospect of ___13___war over the issue, he said, "___14___ people of Taiwan are our blood brothers and sisters. So as long as even the slightest hope for ___15___ peace exists, we will work to our utmost to strive for ___16___ peaceful process."
"However, we firmly oppose ___17___ attempts by certain security forces in Taiwan to pursue Taiwan independence under ___18___disguise of promoting democracy in ___19___ attempt to cut off Taiwan from ___20___ mainland."
1. [A] a [B] an [C] the [D] nil
2. [A] a [B] an [C] the [D] nil
3. [A] a [B] an [C] the [D] nil
4. [A] a [B] an [C] the [D] nil
5. [A] a [B] an [C] the [D] nil
6. [A] a [B] an [C] the [D] nil
7. [A] a [B] an [C] the [D] nil
8. [A] a [B] an [C] the [D] nil
9. [A] a [B] an [C] the [D] nil
10.[A] a [B] an [C] the [D] nil
11.[A] a [B] an [C] the [D] nil
12.[A] a [B] an [C] the [D] nil
13.[A] a [B] an [C] the [D] nil
14.[A] A [B] An [C] The [D] Nil
15.[A] a [B] an [C] the [D] nil
16.[A] a [B] an [C] the [D] nil
17.[A] a [B] an [C] the [D] nil
18.[A] a [B] an [C] the [D] nil
19.[A] a [B] an [C] the [D] nil
20.[A] a [B] an [C] the [D] nil
SECTION B: UNDERSTANDING IN CONTEXT: CLOZE TEST
Direction: Choose one of the four choices given in each group which best fits into each of the blanks in the following passage, and blacken the corresponding letter of the choice you have made in the Answer Sheet.
It was worth the wait. On Oct. 15, after decades of fitful starts ___1___ spectacular failures for China’s space ___2___, Lieut. Colonel Yang Liwei, a ___3___ ex-fighter pilot, roared into the heavens to become China’s first man in space. During his 21-hour journey in the heavens, the 38-year-old Yang maneuvered ___4___ in the tight compartment of the Shenzhou V ___5___, taking photographs, naps, and at one point ___6___ a tiny Chinese flag — an iconic image that would soon be broadcast to 1.3 billion fellow citizens back home. The ___7___ -control room outside Beijing burst into cheers, already ___8___ by a message from President Hu Jintao who announced that the ___9___ was “the glory of our great motherland.” Then, Yang fished around and produced another flag, this time a ___10___ blue one bearing the emblem of the United Nations, and held it up beside the red Chinese ensign.
In a(n) ___11___ more important for its symbolism than its science, Yang’s flag-waving exercise sent an unexpected ___12___ to Planet Earth: not only had China joined the U.S. and Russia in the ___13___ club of spacefaring nations, it wanted to celebrate the achievement with the whole world. For the first time in centuries, China, ___14___ sensitive of its past as the isolated “sick man of Asia,” seemed confident of its own economic and political power, as comfortable strutting its stuff on the international ___15___ as any member of the G-8.
Nowhere has this ___16___ confidence been on display more than in China’s rapidly improving international relations. In the past few months, under Hu’s leadership, Beijing has emerged as an increasingly sophisticated and mature ___17___ on the global stage, a power more intent on diplomatic ___18___ that preserves the country’s robust economic growth than on replaying the Maoist rhetoric of confrontation. “Hu puts more emphasis on ___19___ in foreign policy rather than on symbols,” says Chu Shulong, director of the Institute of Strategic Studies at Beijing’s ___20___ University, who advises the Chinese leadership on foreign affairs.
1. [A] or [B] and [C] but [D] yet
2. [A] project [B] program [C] dream [D] launch
3. [A] young [B] small [C] little [D] diminutive
4. [A] weightlessly [B] weightless
[C] no-weight [D] feather-weigh
5. [A] capsule [B] module [C] cabin [D] container
6. [A] taking [B] clasping [C] handing [D] producing
7. [A] task [B] launch [C] central [D] mission
8. [A] gladdened [B] supported
[C] encouraged [D] buoyed
9. [A] launch [B]takeoff [C] liftoff [D] soft landing
10.[A] light [B] shallow [C] pale [D] navy
11. [A] march [B] flight [C] launch [D] expedition
12. [A] news [B] headline [C] information [D] message
13. [A] exclusive [B] inclusive [C] special [D] reclusive
14. [A] ever [B] never [C] always [D] for ever
15. [A] platform [B] venue [C] stage [D] place
16. [A] newlyfound [B] newfound
[C] newly found [D] new found
17. [A] player [B] actor [C] actress [D] performer
18. [A] practicality [B] pragmatism
[C] realism [D] practice
19. [A] content [B] substance [C] ideas [D] logic
20. [A]Ch’inghua [B] Tsing Hua [C] Tsinghua [D] Qing Hua
SECTION C: READING COMPREHENSION
Subsection 1
Directions: Read the following statements carefully and complete each by blackening the corresponding letter of the choice you have made in the Answer Sheet.
1. America needs to change its attitude toward energy production and transmission. Unless we want to live with increasing fossil-fuel-based pollution and indefinite policing of the Middle East, we need to get away from the centralized-power-grid concept and start using alternative energy sources such as solar or emerging fuel-cell technologies. If the government and consumers are to spend billions of dollars upgrading the system, cleaning up air pollution and providing military and economic support in the Middle East, it seems clear that _____.
[A] we should be happy with what we have been trying to do.
[B] we should forget about the present electricity-grid system.
[C] we should not police the Middle East with the view of getting energy.
[D] we should be discussing alternative energy.
2. Finally, someone has the courage to address the seemingly taboo subject of regarding suicide bombers not merely as evil, but as a phenomenon based on cause and effect. Suicide bombers haven’t risen out of a vacuum—they have been victims of oppression. In no way do I condone their tactics, _____.
[A] but I have sympathy for their prolonged plight, and absence of more effective means to win their case.
[B] yet, I give full support to their efforts, though futile, for attracting attention from the international community.
[C] but to go after them in the way, for example, that Israel does treats the symptom, not the cause.
[D] yet, in retrospection, their foolhardy action is a manifestation of their determination to win freedom.
3. In your August 15 story“Who Says There’s No Second Act?” Jhumpa Lahiri says, “A true Indian doesn’t accept me as an Indian and a true American doesn’t accept me as an American.” happily, the novelist is wrong on at least the second premise. Anyone who would deny Lahiri or any other newcomer her acceptance in America is not a true American. True Americanness isn’t about place of birth. It’s about an attitude toward our fellow humans and holding certain truths to be self-evident. If Lahiri believes in the American ideas, she’s as American as I an,___.
[A] and she would be accepted as both an Indian and an American..
[B] and I happily welcome her to the fold.
[C] and she would be accepted as an American, if not an Indian.
[D] and she wouldn’t be troubled by thought of belonging to neither group.
4. Your July 14 article “Return of the Jews” really agitated me. It sounds as though until now, it was impossible for Jewish people to live in Germany because we Germans were all anti-Semites. What is strange about religious people studying the Talmud in Berlin? Jews did this for hundreds of years in Germany before they were driven from their homes. Sure, national socialism killed millions of innocent Jews in the cruelest way. That must neither be denied nor forgotten. But most German Christians never discriminated against German Jews. Jewish people served our land faithfully (as in the 1870-71 war between Germany and France and in World War I ), and great Jewish scientists have enhanced Germany’s reputation. It is unfair to make the third generation of Germans after World War II feel ashamed for a history they never wanted. In German schools, pupils visit synagogues and mosques. We have many action groups against racism and fascism, and there are counterdemonstrations against fascist ones, ______.
[A] Germany says“never again!” to fascism.
[B] German fascism would be defeated for good.
[C] German Jews are victims of fascism.
[D] Jews were not discriminated against in Germany..
5. I commend your August 25 “Letter from America,” which was a factual and not-too-biased note on the problems of living with timber rattlesnakes. I would have expected an urban magazine to be much harsher on our less-understood critters. However, I must complain about the photograph accompanying your article. You ran a picture of a Western diamond-backed rattlesnake, a species that is not to be found in upstate New York. To you, maybe, a rattler is a rattler, but it does a disservice to the undereducated public. It is kind of like running a picture of a coyote in a story about wolves or a bottle of Pepsi in a story regarding Coca-Cola. Media sources can also call on someone like me to verify species’ identity._____.
[A] No picture at all is better than a misidentified or misleading one.
[B] Yet they don’t want me to do so, nor do it themselves.
[C] To have a rough idea of something is better than having on idea about it at all.
[D] Using wrong pictures are against patent law.
6. Your cover story presents obesity as a global epidemic no longer limited to wealth countries. But I found this article indecent, and the mention of weight-loss clinics in Africa irrelevant. The rapid progression of obesity does not change the sad disproportion between the populations of rich and poor countries. Hunger and malnutrition still remain a problem in a vast majority of the world, especially in Africa. Let’s think beyond the borders of Texas or Utah. There are a number of health issues that should be presented at the global level. How about discussing AIDS, hunger or malaria? These are serious global epidemics, and I find it regrettable that the world’s diverse and complex reality_______.
[A] was described with such indecency.
[B] was presented with such a narrow mind-set.
[C] was unrealistically interpreted and understood.
[D] was beyond the comprehension of realists.
7. My husband is a Navy reservist stationed at Camp Mitchell in Rota, Spain, and has been away since March 31. In June about 200 troops were sent home from Camp Mitchell, while 200 others remained. During the time the 400 troops were together, the reserve center kept in contact with us via e-mail, but now the Navy has lost interest in us and our spouses. Yes, our spouses chose to defend their country, but they were also told that things would be taken care of here at home so that they could concentrate on doing the job they were sent to do. I believe that because my husband was not sent to Iraq, the Navy feels that his needs and those of his family are unimportant. ________.
[A] If not so, who, then, are important?.
[B] we have to accept it silently.
[C] We have been ignored, with no reason at all.
[D] Shouldn’t “supporting our troops” include the families left behind.
8. In Newsweek’s portrayal of the pension situation in Germany, language such as “entitlements,” “generational fraud” and “coddled” suggests that typical pensioner enjoys a selfishly high standard of living. Nowhere does Stefan Their tell us what a real pension might be for Germans who have worked in nonprofessional jobs or how that compares to the cost of living. Nor does he mention the impact on the pension system brought about by reunification, the widening compensation gap, the high levels of unemployment overall and the special difficulty unemployed people over 50 have in reentering the labor market. Many retirees today, after long years of working in low-paying jobs, must practice old-fashioned thrift to subsist on their pensions. They are the ones—not the minority of the highly compensated who have had the means to save and invest—_______.
[A] who will bear the brunt of reform.
[B] who will acquiesce most humbly.
[C] who will deal with the situation.
[D] who will be left behind and forgotten.
9. Thank you for your insightful report on the sophisticated and organized enemy attacks on US troops. Why was it so hard for the Bush Administration and Congress to predict that some Iraqis would continue to fight us after the downfall of Saddam Hussein? If a coalition of countries were to successfully invade the US for purposes of regime change, our citizens would employ tactics of terrorism against the occupying forces and attempt to destabilize the new government. The resistance would continue long after our defending forces had been defeated. The war in Iraq will go on_______.
[A] until we encounter greater resistance from Iraqi rebels.
[B] until the whole world is against us.
[C] until we acknowledge our arrogance and pull the invading troops out.
[D] until Saddam is caught in his hideout, dirty, unkempt, haggard.
10. Malaysian Prime Minister Mahathir Mohamad’s anti-Semitic comments deserve scrutiny. He said, “Today the Jews rule the world by proxy. They get others to fight and die for them.” If his comments weren’t so pathetic, we should thank Mahathir for revealing precisely the mentality of the Islamic leaders he was addressing. Even if the Prime Minister’s assertions were true, they largely missed the point. If so many Jews were in influential positions, it would show the ability of Jewish communities to adapt to their environment and grasp what modernity is about. Constrained by a difficult history, Jews have had little choice but to find ways to integrate into host societies. Just as anti-Semites in Europe did in the past, Mahathir is mistaking a consequence for a cause. He misses the real target, the modern and globalized world in which Muslim society has been marginalized. Modernity wasn’t created by the Jews, and they don’t control progress. As Mahathir said, the Muslim world will wield far more global influence _____.
[A] if it opens up its economies.
[B] if it fights terrorism.
[C] if it fights terrorism and opens up its economies.
[D] if it goes along with the rest of the world.
Subsection 2
Directions: Read the following passages carefully and blacken the corresponding letter of the choice you have made in the Answer Sheet.
Passage 1
Questions 1-5 are based on the following passage:
[1] In the eighteenth century, Japan’s feudal overlords, from the shogun to the humblest samurai, found themselves under financial stress. In part, this stress can be attributed to the overlords’ failure to adjust to a rapidly expanding economy, but the stress was also due to factors beyond the overlords’ control. Concentration of the samurai in castle-towns had acted as a stimulus to trade. Commercial efficiency, in turn, had put temptations in the way of buyers. Since most samurai had been reduced to idleness by years of peace, encouraged to engage in scholarship and martial exercises or to perform administrative tasks that took little time, it is not surprising that their tastes and habits grew expensive. Overlords’ income, despite the increase in rice production among their tenant farmers, failed to keep pace with their expenses. Although shortfalls in overlords’ income resulted almost as much from laxity among their tax collectors (the nearly inevitable outcome of hereditary officeholding) as from their higher standards of living, a misfortune like a fire or flood, bringing an increase in expenses or a drop in revenue, could put a domain in debt to the city rice-brokers who handled its finances. Once in debt, neither the individual samurai nor the shogun himself found it easy to recover.
[2] It was difficult for individual samurai overlords to increase their income because the amount of rice that farmers could be made to pay in taxes was not unlimited, and since the income of Japan’s central government consisted in part of taxes collected by the shogun form his huge domain, the government too was constrained. Therefore, the Tokugawa shoguns began to look to other sources for revenue. Cash profits from government-owned mines were already on the decline because the most easily worked deposits of silver and gold had been exhausted, although debasement of the coinage had compensated for the loss. Opening up new farmland was a possibility, but most of what was suitable had already been exploited and further reclamation was technically unfeasible. Direct taxation of the samurai themselves would be politically dangerous. This lift the shoguns only commerce as a potential source of government income.
[3] Most of the country’s wealth, or so it seemed, was finding its way into the hands of city merchants. It appeared reasonable that they should contribute part of that revenue to ease the shogun’s burden of financing the state. A means of obtaining such revenue was soon found by levying forced loans, known as goyo-kin; although these were not taxes in the strict sense, since they were irregular in timing and arbitrary in amount, they were high in yield. Unfortunately, they pushed up prices. Thus, regrettably, the Tokugawa shoguns’ search for solvency for the government made it increasingly difficult for individual Japanese who lived on fixed stipends to make ends meet.
1. Which of the following financial situations is most analogous to the financial situation in which Japan’s Tokugawa shoguns found themselves in the eighteenth century?
[A] A small business borrows heavily to invest in new equipment, but is able to pay off its debt early when it is awarded a lucrative government contract.
[B] Fire destroys a small business, but insurance covers the cost of rebuilding.
[C] A small business is able to cut back sharply on spending through greater commercial efficiency and thereby compensate for a loss of revenue.
[D] A small business has to struggle to meet operating expenses when its profits decrease.
2. According to the passage, the major reason for the financial problems experienced by Japan’s feudal overlords in the eighteenth century was that
[A] profits from mining had declined
[B] spending had outdistanced income
[C] the samurai had concentrated in castle-towns
[D] the coinage had been sharply debased
3. The passage implies that individual samurai did not find it easy to recover from debt for which of the following reasons?
[A] Taxes were irregular in timing and arbitrary in amount.
[B] The Japanese government had failed to adjust to the needs of a changing economy.
[C] There was a limit to the amount in taxes that farmers could be made to pay.
[D] The d, omains of samurai overlords were becoming smaller and poorer as government revenues increased.
4. The passage suggests that, in eighteenth-century Japan, the office of the tax collector
[A] remained within families
[B] was regarded with derision by many Japanese
[C] was a source of personal profit to the officeholder
[D] took up most of the officeholder’s time
5. According to the passage, the actions or the Tokugawa shoguns in their search for solvency for the government were regrettable because those actions
[A] resulted in the exhaustion of the most easily worked deposits of silver and gold
[B] raised the cost of living by pushing up prices
[C] were far lower in yield than had originally been anticipated
[D] acted as deterrent to trade
Passage 2
Questions 6-10 are based on the following passage:
[1] Many people today refer to the time in which we live as the age of globalization, and for most Americans, it has brought enormous benefits. In the eight years when I served as president, roughly one-third of U.S. growth came from trade. Our country’s enormous increase in productivity was in on small part fueled by the application of information technology across all sectors of the economy, the continued outreach to people throughout the world and the openness of our borders to immigrants who continued to replenish the energy of our entrepreneurial system. It worked for us. But interdependence is not, by definition, good or bad. It can be either, and it can be both.
[2] On Sept.11,2001,A1 Qaeda terrorists used the forces of interdependence—open borders, easy travel, easy immigration, easy access to information and technology—to turn jet airplanes full of fuel into weapons of mass destruction, killing 3,100 people including hundreds from 70 foreign countries who were in America looking for positive interdependence. More than 200 of those killed were Muslims, indicating the racial and religious diversity of the positive side of this equation.
[3] My basic premise is this: The interdependent world, for all of its promise, is inevitably unsustainable, because it is unstable. We cannot continue to live in a world where we grow more and more interdependent and have no over-arching system to make the positive elements of interdependence outweigh the negative ones.
[4] So I believe all thinking people, particularly Americans, must ask and answer three questions: What is my vision of the 21st-century world? What do we have to do achieve it? And what does America have to do?
[5] I think the great mission of the 21st-century is to create a genuine global community, to move from mere interdependence to integration, to a community that has shared responsibilities, shared benefits and shared values. How would we go about building that king of world?
[6] One of the most important shared responsibilities is to fight for security: against terror, weapons of mass destruction, organized crime and narcotics traffickers, for restarting the Middle East peace process, for resolving the nuclear issues of North Korea, for encouraging the new dialogue between India and Pakistan, for a successful transition to a democratic self-government in Iraq, for helping countries like Colombia and the Philippines fight terror. It means making a global effort to reduce the stocks of available chemical, biological and nuclear materials.
[7] The second main shared responsibility is to build institutions of global cooperation, so that people get into a habit of resolving their differences in a peaceful way, according to rules and procedures generally perceived to be fair. Unless you have institution building, it will be hard to sustain the mentality necessary to have shared responsibilities.
[8] We also have to share the benefits of the interdependent world. Why? For one thing, if you come from a wealthy country with open borders, unless you seriously believe you can kill, imprison or occupy all of your enemies, you have to make a world with more friends and fewer enemies, with more partners and fewer terrorists.
[9] As we see everyday in Iraq, the United States has the only super-military in the world. We can with any military conflict all by ourselves, but we can’t build the peace all by ourselves. So what does that mean? Among other things, it means that we have to bring economic opportunity to the 50 percent of the globe’s population that lives on $2 a day or less. It means more trade with developing nations. It means more aid that works properly. It means more another round of debt relief tied to economic development, education, health care. It means financing projects that will build functioning, sustainable economies in poor countries. It means educating those who presently can’t be part of positive interdependence.
[10] I was at the United Nations talking to the secretary general about the work I’m doing to fight AIDS in Africa and the Caribbean. We are now going to the able to buy medicine for $140 per person per year, but we need to finance the development of health-care networks to make the medicine work. This is not rocket science, but as we do it we build a world with more friends and fewer terrorists. I’m all for a strong security position, but we cannot possibly kill, imprison or occupy all of our actual or potential adversaries, and we are drastically underinvesting in building a world with more partners.
[11] What, then, is America’s responsibility? My philosophy is that the United States should cooperate with others whenever we can, across the broadest range of areas, and act alone only if we have to. In the current U.S. government, the conservatives believe they should act alone whenever they can and cooperate only when they have to.
[12] For example, take those of us in the cooperation camp who were fairly hawkish on Iraq. I was for the UN resolution last November that said to Saddam Hussein：“You will let the inspectors back in, or we will depose you.” I diverged when we moved form“cooperation whenever we can and act alone when we’re forced to,” to “now we’ve got the UN, and we will decide when Hans Blix is through with his inspections.” The UN inspector was pleading for four, five or six more weeks to finish, but the people who wanted the conflict didn’t want him to finish and didn’t want to let him finish.
[13] I still believe that we ought to see if the United Nations can take over security in Iraq, ask NATO to handle it, and involve countries that opposed the military conflict but who are part of NATO. If they came in, it would prove that we were all trying to build a multiparty, multiethnic, and multitribal democracy in Iraq. Most of the problems we have today are ill suited to unilateral action.
[14] If you, like me, believe in expanded trade and believe America has greater obligations to open our borders and to invest more in the development of poor countries, we have got to maintain the political support here in America for doing that. And the only way we can do that is to keep making our economy function better, make our society more united. We have to build an integrated community in America, too. Otherwise we won’t have the political support here to do what we need to do around the world.
6. What mechanism Clinton has had in mind when he is talking about striking a balance between both positive and negative aspects of interdependence?
[A] An integrated global community.
[B] A mechanism that stands above the global community.
[C] UN’s security council.
[D] World Trade Organization.
7. What is the ideal global community Clinton has envisioned?
[A] An international community that is interdependence.
[B] An international community that has shared responsibilities.
[C] An international community that has shared benefits and values.
[D] A well-integrated community sharing many things.
8. In talking about the military strength of the US in winning the war against Iraq and the efforts made to restore peace in this country. Clinton enumerates several things the US must do. You are to point out the one thing that is mentioned in one of the choices below, but was not actually said by Clinton.
[A]Give half of the world’s population a chance to develop their economy.
[B]Waiver or cut down on the debts of some of the countries owned to the US.
[C]Provide loans to developing countries to make their economy sustainable.
[D]Provide financial support to developing countries for fighting terrorism.
9 What is the number of elements that contributes the most to the US economic growth?
[A] 4 [B] 2 [C] 3 [D] 5
10. Which choice can serve as the title that best summarizes the content of this passage?
[A] The Age of Globalization.
[B] Defining the Mission of the 21st Century.
[C] Globalization and the 21st Century.
[D] Shared Responsibilities of the International Community.
Passage 3
Questions 11-15 are based on the following passage:
[1] My concern is that the predominantly black colleges both private and public—beginning from the Reconstruction Period until the present—have proved their work and resourcefulness to train the large majority of Negroes who became intellectual and professional leaders after the Civil War. Their educational accomplishments in providing our nation with back intellectual leaders and other professionals up to the passing of the civil rights acts and desegregation legislation were regarded as marvelous. During the 20th century, many observers and some friends of Negro education have commented frequently on the effectiveness of the Negro colleges. Until recently, 74% of the black college graduates received their baccalaureates from predominantly black colleges. Many of these college trained persons who had pursued graduate study in prestigious graduate schools throughout the nation graduated with distinction. It is common knowledge that some of these black graduate students won their doctorates with honors and became recognized authorities in their chosen profession. Historians have recorded some of the noteworthy achievements of numerous black scholars and professionals.
[2] The traditionally black colleges have been and still are the seedbed for producing the Negro holders of the doctorates who teach and serve as administrators at black colleges and who are being increasingly recruited as instructors at white college and universities. Perhaps, the most significant contribution these colleges and universities make is derived through their product—their graduates. These black teachers and administrators—lest we forget it, some are white—inspired many Negro youths to seek undergraduate and graduate degrees because of the quality of their individual achievements. The examples set by these college trained intellectuals were not overlooked by the black youth. They were quick to realize that the successful black scholar and professional more often than not had to have more of what it takes to succeed than whites who achieved an equal degree of success.
[3] There are about 10 Negro institutions of higher education in the United States. These colleges have been the principal mechanism for the upward mobility of black people since their beginning. They prepared most of the Negro teachers and preachers who taught and preached in the South. To numerous poor Negro youth with latent ability these teachers were worthy of emulation and proof that success was within their reach. Therefore, many professors, physicians, dentists, lawyers, scientists, artists, civil service officials and other professionals have graduated from black colleges. That these Negro institutions were able to provide educational opportunities to a severely disadvantaged constituency to the extent they did in spite of a history of poor facilities and inadequate financial support in simply astounding.
11. The passage suggests that black colleges
[A] are not as effective as they once were.
[B] presently train 74% of the black college graduates.
[C] are more effective since the civil rights act.
[D] are increasing their number of graduates.
12. The passage states that most of the graduates of black colleges continue as
[A] teachers [B] professionals
[C] university professors [D] graduate students pursuing a doctorate
13. The main idea of the passage is the
[A] historical significance of black colleges and the achievements of their graduates.
[B] inadequate financial support provided to black colleges.
[C] inferior and inadequate facilities provided to black colleges.
[D] upward mobility of black college graduates.
14. One could imply from the term“latent ability” that the author is referring to
[A] the lack of self-motivation thought not now visible.
[B] the lack of financial ability to attend college.
[C] the tax or negligent utilization of capabilities.
[D] the capabilities of becoming though not now visible.
15. “A severely disadvantaged constituency” refers to
[A] a community that was put at an disadvantage.
[B] a voting district that was not to the advantage of certain group.
[C] a district that was deprived of the right to vote.
[D] the state of constituting was not advantageous.
End of Examination
